Military personnel conduct adaptive training for a joint military drill on Aug. 3, 2021. A joint military exercise by the Chinese and Russian armies will be held from Aug. 9 to 13 at a training base of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in northwest China's Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Photo:China Military

Mutual trust

While having made public appearances in Airshow China and military parades, the J-20 stealth fighter jet had never participated in a joint exercise with another country until the Zapad/Interaction-2021 with Russia, observers said.

The appearance of the J-20 in the drills shows that the military cooperation, exchange and mutual trust between China and Russia have reached a very high level, since the J-20 is one of China's most advanced hardware, Song Zhongping, a Chinese military expert and TV commentator, told the Global Times on Monday.

Another exercise arrangement to display the two militaries' mutual trust and high level of cooperation is that the PLA will share some of its main battle weapons and equipment with the Russian troops.

According to press releases from both Chinese and Russian sides, Russian personnel have been provided with the PLA's Type 11 wheeled assault guns and Type 08 infantry fighting vehicles in adaptive training over the past week.

During the Kavkaz-2020 strategic drills held in Russia in September last year, Chinese troops for the first time used main battle weapons and equipment provided by the Russian military, including the T-72B3 tank, BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle and Igla-S air defense missile, CCTV reported at that time.

This will allow both sides to better understand each other's way of combat and form better tacit understandings in future joint military operations and counter-terrorist missions, Wei Dongxu, a Beijing-based military expert, told the Global Times.

Observers also pointed out that the Zapad/Interaction-2021 is the first joint drill with another country hosted by China since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020.

Since 2018, China has participated in the Vostok-2018, Tsentr-2019 and Kavkaz-2020 strategic drills in Russia.

In another close military interaction with Russia, from August 22 to September 4, the PLA will host certain events of the International Army Games 2021 organized by the Russian Defense Ministry, and send contingents to other events in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan and Iran, the Chinese Defense Ministry announced in late July.

Military personnel conduct adaptive training for a joint military drill on Aug. 3, 2021. A joint military exercise by the Chinese and Russian armies will be held from Aug. 9 to 13 at a training base of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in northwest China's Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Photo:China Military

What to expect

After the opening ceremony, the two sides will conduct action intensive exercises.

The exercises will reflect new concepts and new tactics, including saturation fire assault, airborne landing and seizure of in-depth hostile regions, and drone swarm assault, Major General Han Lin, director of the strategic and campaign-level training bureau at the Joint Staff of the CMC, was quoted by CCTV as saying on Monday.

One of the major forces to participate in the drills is the armored assault group, which consists of a wide selection of armored vehicles with high mobility and strong firepower.

Hundreds of vehicles from several dozen types will join the exercises, which will feature a variety of combat elements and aim at honing the troops' joint combat capability, Colonel Cheng Liang, deputy commander at a combined arms brigade affiliated with the PLA 77th Group Army, told CCTV.

Hundreds of munitions will be fired in one minute in a single drill area, Cheng said.

The PLA will also deploy artillery, including the country's latest 155mm-caliber self-propelled howitzers, 122mm-caliber multiple rocket launcher systems and 120mm-caliber self-propelled mortars, China National Radio reported.

Thousands of artillery shells will be launched in the exercises, the report said.

More than 30 helicopters from the PLA Army Aviation Force will hold multi-dimensional, in-depth, high-mobility maneuvers at low altitudes, CCTV reported.

Z-10 attack helicopters will escort Mi-171 transport helicopters, which will carry soldiers of a special operations brigade and Lynx all-terrain assault vehicles for airborne combat.

The Y-20 and other types of transport aircraft will send airborne troops from higher in the sky at a larger scale, while also airdropping heavy equipment, including Type 03 airborne infantry fighting vehicles.

Russia's Su-30 fighter jets arrived at the training base in late July and are expected to join the exercises together with the Chinese warplanes that were featured in the opening ceremony.

For air defense, the PLA will deploy the HQ-17, one of the PLA's most powerful brigade-level field air defense missile systems together with the Type 95 4-barrel 25-mm-caliber anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missile system, CCTV reported.

Song said that these exercise subjects have practical meaning in combating terrorism, extremism and separatism, under the context that the security situation in Afghanistan is becoming more complicated and could spill over to neighboring countries, including China and Russia.

A Chinese expert on international affairs who requested anonymity told the Global Times that the US' irresponsible troop withdrawal from Afghanistan has left a burden for neighboring countries in Central Asia. As major powers, China and Russia need to play their roles, jointly safeguard regional peace and stability, and prevent the development of terrorist forces in the region.

The Qingtongxia Combined Arms Tactical Training Base, where the exercise is being held, is located southeast of Helan Mountain, the geographical division of Northwest China. It has an altitude of about 2,000 meters, and is suitable for carrying out complicated military exercises for many different military branches, Shanghai-based Xinmin Evening News reported on Monday.

It hosted several major PLA exercises, including the "Crossover" and "Firepower" series exercises, the report said, noting that with complex terrains and well-rounded facilities, the Qingtongxia base will give the Chinese and Russian troops a realistic scenario test and hone their skills.

From a global point of view, both China and Russia are facing suppression from the US, which led to the two countries' enhancement in military cooperation through joint exercises, experts said.

More than 10,000 personnel, multiple types of aircraft, artillery and armored equipment will be dispatched mainly from the PLA Western Theater Command and Russia's Eastern Military District in the exercises, to test joint reconnaissance, early warning, electronic information attack and strike capabilities, the Chinese Defense Ministry said.